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What are the components of the speaker? The structure and working principle of the speaker


The speaker is the terminal of the entire sound system, and its function is to convert the audio energy into the corresponding sound energy and radiate it to the space. In layman's terms, it means that the speaker host box or subwoofer box has its own power amplifier, which amplifies the audio signal and then releases the sound from the speaker itself to make the sound louder. It is an extremely important part of the sound system, responsible for the electrical signal into an acoustic signal for the human ear to listen directly to the task.

  The most basic elements of the speaker are only three parts: the speaker (speaker unit), the cabinet and the crossover.

  1. speaker

The speaker is one of the weakest components in audio equipment, and it is one of the most important components for sound effects. There are many types of speakers: according to their transduction methods, they can be divided into electric, electromagnetic, piezoelectric, digital, etc. According to the diaphragm structure, it can be divided into single paper basin, composite paper basin, composite horn, coaxial, etc. According to the beginning of the diaphragm, it can be divided into cone basin type, dome type, flat plate type, belt type, etc. According to the playback frequency, it can be divided into high frequency, intermediate frequency, low frequency, ultra-frequency and full frequency band speaker; according to the form of magnetic circuit, it can be divided into external magnetic type, internal magnetic type, double magnetic circuit type and shielding type; according to the nature of magnetic circuit, it can be divided into ferrite magnet, neodymium boron magnet, aluminum nickel cobalt magnet speaker; according to the diaphragm material It can be divided into paper and non-paper cone speakers.

A. Electrodynamic speakers are the most widely used. They use the interaction between the voice coil and the constant magnetic field to make the diaphragm vibrate and sound. The electric woofer is mostly cone type, the midrange speaker is mostly cone type or dome type, and the tweeter is commonly used in dome type, belt type and horn type.

B. The cone speaker has a simple structure and high energy conversion efficiency. The diaphragm material it uses is mainly pulp material, or mixed with wool, silk, carbon fiber and other materials to increase its rigidity, internal damping and waterproof performance. The new generation of electric cone speaker uses non-paper diaphragm materials, such as polypropylene, mica carbonized polypropylene, carbon fiber textile, bulletproof cloth, hard aluminum foil, CD ripple, glass fiber and other composite materials, and the performance is improved.

C. The dome speaker has soft dome and hard dome. The diaphragm of the soft ball speaker is made of silk, silk, cotton cloth impregnated with phenolic resin, chemical fiber and composite materials, which are characterized by soft playback sound quality. The diaphragm of the hard dome speaker is made of aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, beryllium alloy and other materials, which is characterized by good playback sound quality.

D. The radiation mode of the horn speaker is different from that of the cone speaker. After the diaphragm vibrates, the sound diffuses through the horn. It is characterized by high electro-acoustic conversion and radiation efficiency, long distance, small distortion, but narrow playback frequency band and directivity.

E. The voice coil of the ribbon speaker is directly fabricated on the entire diaphragm (aluminum alloy polyimide film, etc.), and the voice coil is directly coupled with the diaphragm. The alternating magnetic field produced by the voice coil interacts with the constant magnetic field to vibrate the belt diaphragm and radiate sound waves. It is characterized by fast response speed, small distortion, fine playback sound quality and good sense of hierarchy.

  2. box

The purpose of the speaker box is mainly to prevent the sound wave signals on the front and back of the speaker diaphragm from directly forming a loop, resulting in only high-frequency and medium-frequency sounds with small wavelengths that can be transmitted, while other sound signals are superimposed and canceled.

The cabinet is used to eliminate the acoustic short circuit of the speaker unit, suppress its acoustic resonance, broaden its frequency response range, and reduce distortion. The cabinet shape structure of the speaker is divided into bookshelf type and floor type, as well as vertical and horizontal type. The internal structure of the box is closed, inverted, band-pass, empty cone, labyrinth, symmetrical drive and horn type and other forms, the most used are closed, inverted and band-pass.

Floor speaker is a large speaker, the height of the box is above 750MM, the height of the box of the bookshelf speaker is below 750MM, the box between 450MM and 750MM is a medium-sized bookshelf speaker, and the box below 450MM is a small bookshelf speaker.

Knocks are used to knock the front and rear baffles of the box body up, down, left and right, and each side of the box body makes a solid and slight elastic sound. It feels that the plate is hard and thick, and there are many reinforcing ribs inside. The box body has a reasonable and strong structure, and has various effects such as sound insulation and standing wave prevention measures. The processing cost of this kind of box is high and difficult, so there are few fake and inferior products. If the knuckles are used to knock the box body to make a "poof, poof" empty sound, it means that the plate is too thin, the material quality is too poor, and the structure is unreasonable. And there is no sound-absorbing material or reinforcing rib inside, resulting in a large number of diffuse reflection and standing wave formation in the box. Choose this speaker, it is impossible to get a good playback effect.

  Three. frequency divider

The frequency divider is the "brain" in the speaker, which is very important to the sound quality. The frequency range of the sound is between 20Hz-20kHz. It is hoped that only one speaker can be used to ensure that the sound of a wide frequency such as 20Hz-20kHz is difficult to do, because it will have various technical problems and difficulties. Therefore, under normal circumstances, a high-quality playback system, in order to ensure the frequency response and frequency bandwidth of the reproduced sound, mostly uses high-bass separated speakers for playback in the professional category, and when high-bass separated speakers are used for playback, a frequency divider must be used.

There are two categories of frequency dividers: one is a passive frequency divider (PassiVe Crossover), also known as a power divider; the other is an active frequency divider (Active Crossover), also known as an electronic frequency divider. The main functions are frequency band division, amplitude-frequency characteristic and phase-frequency characteristic correction, impedance compensation and attenuation.

1. Passive frequency divider

Passive crossover network (Crossover Network), known as "splitter" in China, its design is affected by a lot of variables and considerations, so it is a very complicated work.

Passive frequency divider is a speaker built-in frequency divider, by the capacitance and inductance filter network, which is characterized by the frequency network set between the power amplifier and the speaker. This frequency divider divides the full-frequency audio power signal directly from the power amplifier into bass and treble or bass, midrange and treble, and distributes the divided signal to speakers of each frequency band according to different frequency bands. In the full frequency high, bass or high, medium and bass active frequency speaker, are completed by the passive frequency division circuit frequency division task.

2. Active frequency divider

The active frequency divider is a device that divides the weak signal of full-frequency audio frequency. It is generally composed of an active electronic circuit frequency division system. Its characteristic is that the frequency division system is located in front of the power amplifier. After the full-frequency audio frequency is divided weakly, the bass, treble or bass, midrange and treble signals are sent to their respective power amplifiers, and then the power amplifier outputs them to bass, treble or bass, midrange and tweeter speakers respectively, this method is called active frequency division, because it works in the case of weak signal, it can be used to realize frequency division with low power electronic active filter.

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